How Many Books Are in the Old Testament? A Complete Guide

 

How Many Books Are in the Old Testament? A Complete Guide

The Old Testament is one of the most important collections of sacred writings in history. It is central to both Judaism and Christianity and contains stories of creation, laws, poetry, wisdom, and prophecy. But a common question many readers ask is: how many books are in the Old Testament? The answer depends on which religious tradition you are looking at.

What Is the Old Testament?

The Old Testament is the first section of the Christian Bible and is closely related to the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh). It includes texts about the relationship between God and the people of Israel, historical narratives, poetry, and prophetic messages.

Number of Books in the Old Testament

Different religious traditions recognize a slightly different number of books in the Old Testament.

1. Protestant Old Testament

  • Total Books: 39

  • These books are divided into sections: the Law (Torah), Historical Books, Wisdom Literature, and Prophets.

  • Examples: Genesis, Exodus, Psalms, Isaiah, Daniel.

2. Catholic Old Testament

  • Total Books: 46

  • The Catholic canon includes the same 39 books as the Protestant Bible plus seven Deuterocanonical books: Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, and 1 & 2 Maccabees.

  • These additional texts are considered sacred by Catholics but not included in the Protestant canon.

3. Eastern Orthodox Old Testament

  • Total Books: 49 or more (depending on the branch of Orthodoxy).

  • Includes all Catholic books plus others like 3 Maccabees, Psalm 151, and Prayer of Manasseh.

4. Hebrew Bible (Tanakh)

  • Total Books: 24

  • The Hebrew Bible combines some books that are split in Christian traditions. For example, 1 & 2 Samuel are one book, as are 1 & 2 Kings and 1 & 2 Chronicles.

Why Do the Numbers Differ?

The differences come from:

  • How books are grouped (separate vs. combined).

  • Canonization decisions made by religious leaders over time.

  • Different traditions (Jewish, Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox).

Conclusion

So, how many books are in the Old Testament?

  • Protestant Bible: 39 books

  • Catholic Bible: 46 books

  • Eastern Orthodox Bible: 49+ books

  • Hebrew Bible (Tanakh): 24 books

No matter the count, the Old Testament remains a cornerstone of faith and history, shaping the beliefs and values of billions around the world.

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